Ludmila's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in down syndrome. this is most likely an example of a(n)

This is most likely an example of a mutation.

Mutation is any alteration or change in DNA sequence which affects the genetic instruction carried by that gene. Mutation can occur either as a result of errors during DNA replication or due to environmental factors such as cigarette smoke and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Mutations are heritable, especially if they have a positive effect. The disorder Down syndrome is an example of mutation which occurs due to error in cell division in which there is extra copy of a genetic material (specific chromosome); chromosome 21.

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human impact on the environment can be seen in the deterioration of the !

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enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products