Describe the phases of the cell cycle, define phenotype & genotype, describe the process of dna replication (transcription & translation), define mitosis & meiosis.

Phases of cell cycle:

Cell cycle typically has four phases which are mentioned as under:

1) G1 phase

2) S phase

3) G2 phase

4) M phase

Phenotype & genotype :

Phenotype is how an organism looks morphologically.

Genotype is defined as the set of allelic pairs (genes) that an organism has for a particular character/trait.

DNA replication:

DNA replication is a process in which an exact replica of a chromosome is synthesized during S phase of cell cycle. Various enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerases etc. and structural components like nucleotides are required during DNA replication.

Transcription:

Transcription is a process in which message from a DNA is encoded in the form of an RNA for gene expression i.e. for protein synthesis (translation). Various RNA polymerases facilitate transcription.

Translation:

The process of protein synthesis for gene expression is known as translation. Various RNAs like mRNA, tRNA and rRNA facilitate this process.

Mitosis & meiosis:

Mitosis : It is a process in which a cell divides to form its exact replica thereby producing two identical cells. It occurs in somatic cells.

Meiosis: It is a process in which a diploid cell divides to form 4 haploid daughter cells. It occurs in germ cells.