Describe the process of nociception using the four phases of

Nociception can be described as a response to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli (chemical, mechanical, thermal).  It includes four stages:

1.Transduction or  first phase: A noxious stimulus occurs (injury, burn, incision) and it is transformed into a electrical signal that can be carried via transmission.

2. Transmission or the 2nd phase: the pain signal travels to the central nervous system, first to  the spinal cord than to the brain.  

3. Perception or the 3rd phase: occurs in the cerebral cortex where the perception of pain is generated (the conscious awareness of a painful sensation).

4. Modulation-last phase: pain message is usually inhibited through this phase.

the truman doctrine was an american foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter soviet geopolitical expansion during the cold war. it was announced to congress by president harry s. truman on march 12, 1947, and further developed on july 12, 1948, when he pledged to contain threats to greece and turkey.

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