8. you are a genetic counselor. one of your clients, linda, had a boy with a genetic defect that may have a high recurrence risk, meaning her subsequent pregnancies has a high chance of being affected by the same defect. you offered genetic testing of linda, her husband, and their son to find out more about their disease, to which everyone agreed. the result showed that neither linda nor her husband carry the mutation, while the boy inherited the mutation on a paternal chromosome that did not come from linda's husband. in other words, the boy's biological father is someone else, who is unaware that he carries the mutation. you suspect that linda nor her husband are aware of this non-paternity. how would you disclose the results of this genetic analysis to linda and her family

I think that is important to speak with the mother first. It should be told her about the non-paternity before the man, in order to respect her privacy and to give her a chance to tell husband by herself.

It is important to be aware, that a problem between man and wife might occur, but duty of genetic counselor is to provide full information to all the people involved.

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!

bacterium is not correct