What factors are required for cloning? a. dna (genes) b. a living organism or plant c. creation from organic chemicals d. starting life from non-life

Option A. "DNA (genes)"

Explanation:

Cloning is defined a process to create clones or copies of DNA fragments either naturally or artificially.

DNA is a basic required factor for cloning in both natural and artificial cloning. In the process of cloning amplification of DNA fragments takes place and majorly used to make multiple copies of amplified DNA.

The process of cloning starts with the breaking of DNA strand (fragmentation) followed with the attachment of pieces of DNA together in required sequence (litigation), after litigation new pieces of DNA are allowed to insert into the cells (transfection) and at the end successfully transfected cells are selected (screening).

Hence, DNA are required factor for cloning.

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ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'