Atoms are able to bond together by the loss, gain or sharing of which sub-atomic particle? a) protons b) neutrons c) valance electrons (outer most)

This is easy. B is your awnser

C) valance electrons (outer most)

the answer is true when observing or determining population size, a direct observation is use, in which each organism is counted in a population or in an area. one benefit of this measure is that you get the exact population count but it will take a long time to  determine  the  size  of a  population.

i believe it's c. the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection.

since eventually smaller beaks would have to find another source of food or even eventually just die out from the lack of food.