What's the relationship between antigens and antibodies

Antigens cause the production of antibodies, and antibodies attack antigens. (D)

Explanation:

From some online research,

1)An antibody is specifically produced in response to an antigen. (Taken from Quizlet)

2)Antibodies bound to antigens on a pathogen's membrane may activate complement proteins to form a membrane attack complex (Taken from a Quizziz)

3)Antigens trigger your immune system to launch an antibody response. This means each antibody wages war against one target antigen. Once antibodies detect antigens, they bind and neutralize them. (Taken from Healthline)

Basically, this means antibodies are formed whenever antigens exist to counter-act it.

ED2021

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c

every el niño cycle is different. every year.