What role do lichens play in primary succession? expose rocks create a climax community increase the amount of soil fertilize and enrich the soili need to pass this.

lichens that colonize bare rock secrete acids that break down the rock and start the soil-production process. so they expose rocks

it takes hundreds of years to become stable.

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c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.