In a process called nitrogen and phosphorus fertilize algae in the water, resulting in algal blooms.

Algal bloom refers to the excessive growth of algae in water bodies leading to a mat-like appearence of the algae on the suface or discolouration of the water bodies by the algal pigments. Eutrophication is a process showing excessive growth of algae in the water resulting in the algal blooms.

Fertilizers are the plant growth promoting chemical substances rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Agricultural revolution is associated with the usage of large amounts of fertilizers. These fertilizers are carried to water bodies and excess of nitrogen and phosphorus in them cause the algae to reproduce at a quicker rate causing algal blooms. Accumulation of sewage and detergents are also a cause of algal blooms.

Eutrophication is defined as a condition in which the water body becomes enriched with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus resulting in the growth and reproduction of algae. This causes a mat-like growth of the algae interfering with the penetration of the sunlight into it. It leads to the death of other plants and animals in it due to decreased oxygen content in the water body. Further, the bacteria use more oxygen to decompose the dead plants and animals depleting the oxygen levels in the water body. Certain algal blooms also produce toxins which are harmful to other living organisms of the water body.

Thus, Eutrophication is the process in which the nitogen and phosphorus in the water result in algal blooms.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.

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what is a measurement of the earth’s history divided into time periods?

> fossil record <

sedimentary rock

> geologic time scale <

radioactive elements