Atoms that have filled outermost energy levels and do not participate in chemical bonding are called ions cations inert covalent

Inert.

Explanation:

The atoms that have filled the outermost shell with 8 atoms do not participate in any chemical reaction or they do not even bond with other atoms to form bond.

These atoms are known as inert atoms. They do not participate in any bond formation or chemical reaction because they are stable. They have 8 or 18 atoms in the outermost shell which makes them stable.

Example: Argon, krypton et cetera.

i believe the answer would be b. hope it : )

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.