In nature, this method is the only way diversity is truly created. changes in the genetic material of an organism are passed on to offspring and, although the process is slow, it could eventually result in the creation of a new species. these statements describe the effects of on biodiversity.
a. growth rate
b. genetic drift
c. mutation
d. carrying capacity

I swear I hate it when people write an answer and don't put what letter or number.

to sum things up the answer is c

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.