What are the component(s) of an artwork that the give the sensation of action?

Movement. It is one of the Principles of Art.

Movement is a principle of design found in an artwork wherein its usage is to give the sensation of action by creating the look and feel of an action within the artwork. The movement found within the artwork will guide the viewer's eye to see the artwork as a whole and not by its pieces.

Other Principles of Art are Rhythm, Balance, Emphasis, Proportion, Gradation, Harmony, and Variety.

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renascimento comercial, que, a partir do século 11, inaugurou definitivamente a baixa idade média, que se estenderia até o século 15.