PLEAAS HELP LAST QUESTION How has the introduction of the automobile and, subsequently, the highway begun to fundamentally change the way cities are designed and function?

answer; top-down processing;

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.