Indicate if this should be considered a psychological disorder by evaluating them using the criteria of deviant, distressful or dysfuntional. if yes, explain why. If not, explain why not. 1)Nicholas joined the military after high school and was assigned to fight in an overseas war. Last week, his battalion was attacked by guerillas who shot and killed many American soldiers. Nicholas feels that killing is wrong, even in these circumstances, and risked his own life by refusing to fire his weapon. His choice cost some of his peers their lives.

2) Alison has smoked since she was 14 years old. She is now 32 and is unable to quit despite having tried several times. Her most recent attempt to quit occurred 8 months ago when she became pregnant with her first child. She only lasted 4 weeks. Now, at 8 months pregnant, she hides her cigarette smoking from her family and friends.

3) Marisa claims that she was a warrior princess in a past life. She believes that she can “channel” this previous personality and she makes a living by allowing her “warrior princess” self to channel advice to paying customers.

4) Joachim is afraid of driving or riding in a motor vehicle. When he was 17, his brother was killed in a fatal automobile collision. He had been the driver of the car and had walked away with only a few minor injuries. Now, at age 27, he still refused to get into any motor vehicles. Fortunately, he has always been able to function normally because he lives in New York City and can easily walk to work. His family also lives in the city, in easy walking distance.
For this one I know there's trauma, and this is different behavior from other people in the same culture. should this one be considered deviant?

5) Joachim (from above) is now 33 and married. His wife is pregnant and insists that Joachim get over his fear of motor vehicles. Joachim has tried to several times to get over his fear, but finds that he is overcome by paralyzing fear as soon as he sets foot into a taxi or subway train.