In the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450, how did islamic states arise, and how did major religious systems shape society?

Muslim Civilization 700 1200 AD Golden Age of Islam Control. When I keep bringing up this Golden Age, remember, we’re told endlessly that the Golden Age was the high point of all human civilization, not so golden really, hey? Tamerlane in India devastates 700 villages, Tamerlane annihilated Nestorian and Jacobite Christians, and after 700 years of attacks, Islam captures and destroys Constantinople.  It also symbolizes what is known as the Golden Age of Islam, beginning in the mid-eighth century and continuing about 700 years.   It is widely believed among watchers of Islam and Muslims that taqlid is responsible for the end Golden Age of Islamic Civilization in 800-1100AD and continuing decline since then, particularly in terms of the sciences and the arts.  Muslims in the Islamic golden age collcted vasts amounts of texts from ancient greece and translated it into arabic.  The Islamic Golden Age witnessed a fundamental transformation in agriculture known as the "Muslim Agricultural Revolution " or "Arab Agricultural Revolution".  The Islamic Golden Age was soon inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to the newly founded city Baghdad.  The Islamic Golden Age, or the Islamic Renaissance, is traditionally dated from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century A.D.  'sack of Baghdad' but has been extended to 15th and 16th centuries by more recent scholarship.  During this period, the capital of the empire was moved from Damascus to Baghdad, which become the center of the Islamic Golden age. Blending Islamic and Hindu elements, the emperor Akbar constructed the royal city of Fatehpur Sikri, located 26 miles '42km' west of Agra, in the late 1500s and his grandson Shah Jahan had constructed the mausoleum of Taj Mahal for Mumtaz Mahal in the 1650s, though this time period is well after the Islamic Golden Age.  Key attributes of these golden ages of enlightenment, including the Islamic Golden Age, are centered around a drive to push the bounds of understanding and to preserve the great works of past cultures.  Islamic Golden Age of Enlightenment: at least 8th 13th Century and arguably could range from the 7th 15th Century if we consider Africa, Spain, and India. Islamic Golden Age of science from Mahmoud Ibrahim on Vimeo. The Islamic Golden age led to many important scientific discoveries, the establishing of some of the world's oldest universities, and the preserving of ancient texts and knowledge from the past civilizations. Among the various countries and cultures conquered through successive Islamic conquests, a remarkable number of scientists originated from Persia, who contributed immensely to the scientific flourishing of the Islamic Golden Age.  The Islamic Golden Age was mostly lacking in such scientific "follow-ups’ and allowed the works of their great scientists to wither on the vine or die stillborn.  During the Islamic Golden Age, certain advances were made in scientific fields, notably in mathematics and astronomy  algebra, spherical trigonometry , and in chemistry, etc. which were later also transmitted to the West.  I hesitate to give you an alternate picture of the Islamic golden age because I'm much more knowledgeable about the middle east under the Ottoman Empire than I am about the middle ages.  It was used in classical antiquity, through the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and Renaissance for all these purposes.During the Islamic Golden Age, polymath scholars with a wide breadth of knowledge in different fields were more common than scholars who specialized in any single field of learning.  "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age".House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom  was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age.When the Umayyad dynasty ended the Abbasid dynasty, and unlike its predecessor the Abbasid dynasty was a non- conquering, cosmopolitan time focused on government and education, i.e. The Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age witnessed a fundamental transformation in agriculture known as the "Arab Agricultural Revolution".  Some people, such as Robert Spencer and Srđa Trifković, have denied the existence of an Islamic golden age.The Islamic Golden Age lasted from roughly the 8th 13th century. After the Crusades the Mongols invaded in the 13th century, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age.

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